tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46640813662317342762024-03-08T14:21:24.329-08:00Array , Rekursif & Iteratiftika julifahwanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09084287880800155875noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4664081366231734276.post-62686603242328962572011-04-06T19:56:00.000-07:002011-04-06T19:56:37.753-07:00Tugas<div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>PENGERTIAN</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Array atau larik di definisikan sebagai pemesanan alokasi memory berurutan.definisi ini kurang tepat, karena terjadi kerancuan antara struktur data dan representasinya. Memang benar array hampir selalu di implementasikan menggunakan memory berurutan tapi tidak selalu demikian.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Semua elemem array bertipe sama. Array cocok untuk organisasi kumpulan data homogen yang ukuran atau jumlah elemen maksimumnya telah diketahui dari awal.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Homogen adalah bahwa setiap elemen dari sebuah array tertentu haruslah mempunyai tipe data yang sama.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span> </span>KARAKTERISTIK ARRAY</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><span>a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mepunyai batasan dari pemesanan alokasi memori (bersifat statis)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Mempunyai tipe data sama (bersifat homogen)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Dapat diakses secara acak.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>DEKLARASI ARRAY</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ada tiga hal yang harus di ketahui dalam mendeklarasikan array, yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Type data array</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Nama variable array</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Subkrip / index array.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Contoh deklarasi dari array adalah sebagai berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">int A[5] ; artinya variabel A adalah kumpulan data sebanyak 5 bilangan bertipe</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">integer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span> </span>JENIS ARRAY</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt;"><span>1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>ARRAY DIMENSI SATU</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Deklarasi<span> </span>: Type_Data Nama_Variabel [index]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Rumus untuk menentukan jumlah elemen dalam array adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="1" width="71"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="102" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="138"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251660288;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">n </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>p</span> (Index Array)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i = 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span>p</span> = Perkalian dari index sebelumnya (untuk arraybdimensi dua dan tiga).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><u>PEMETAAN (MAPPING) ARRAY DIMENSI SATU KE STORAGE</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Rumus<span> </span>:<span> </span>@A[i] = B + (i – 1) * L</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Dimana<span> </span>:<span> </span>@A[i]<span> </span>:<span> </span>Posisi array yang dicari</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>B<span> </span>:<span> </span>Posisi awal index di memori computer</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>i<span> </span>:<span> </span>Subkrip atau index array yang di cari</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>L<span> </span>:<span> </span>Ukuran atau besar memori suatu tipe data</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt;"><span>2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>ARRAY DIMENSI DUA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">Deklarasi<span> </span>: Type_Data Nama_Variabel [index1] [index2]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Menentukan jumlah elemen dalam array dimensi dua :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="1" width="47"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="102" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="138"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251661312;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">n </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>p</span> (Index Array)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i = 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span>p</span> = Perkalian dari statemen sebelumnya</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><u>PEMETAAN (MAPPING) ARRAY DIMENSI DUA KE STORAGE</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Terbagi dua cara pandang (representasi) yang berbeda :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Secara kolom per kolom (coloumn major order / CMO)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="95"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="342"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251662336;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal">@M[i][j] = M[0][0] + {(j – 1) * K + (i – 1)} * L</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Secara baris per baris (row major order / RMO)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="95"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="342"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251663360;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal">@M[i][j] = M[0][0] + {(i – 1) * N + (j – 1)} * L</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">Keterangan<span> </span>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">@M[i][j] = Posisi array yang di cari, M[0][0 = Posisi alamat awal index array, i = Baris, j = Kolom, L = Ukuran memory type data, K = Banyaknya elemen per kolom, N = Banyaknya elemen per baris.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17pt;"><span>3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>ARRAY DIMENSI TIGA</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt;">Deklarasi<span> </span>: type_Data Nama_Variabel [index1][index2][index3]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt;">Menentukan jumlah elemen dalam array dimensi tiga :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251664384;"><span style="height: 102px; left: 47px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 138px;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="102" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="138"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251664384;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">n </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span>p</span> (Index Array)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">i = 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt;"><span>p</span> = Perkalian dari statemen sebelumnya</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17pt;"><u>PEMETAAN (MAPPING) ARRAY DIMENSI TIGA KE STORAGE</u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="6" width="47"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="66" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="498"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251665408;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Rumus<span> </span>: @M[n][m][p] = M[0][0][0] + {((n – 1) * (index1)) + ((m – 1) *<span> </span>(index2)) + ((p – 1) * (index3)} * L</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i>TRIANGULAR ARRAY (ARRAY SEGI TIGA)</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Triangular array dapat merupakan Upper Triangular (seluruh elemen di bawah diagonal utama = 0), ataupun Lower Triangular (seluruh elemen di atas diagonal utama = 0).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dalam array Lower Triangular dengan N baris, jumlah maksimum elemen <> 0, tidak lebih dari<span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 90px; left: -1px; position: relative; top: 10px; width: 510px; z-index: 251666432;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="80" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 0.75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="510"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251666432;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal">N </div><div class="MsoNormal">∑<span> </span>I = N (N+1)/2</div><div class="MsoNormal">I = 1</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i>SPERSE ARRAY (ARRAY JARANG)</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Suatu array yang sangat banyak elemen nol-nya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span> </span>OPERASI DASAR PADA ARRAY</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Operasi terhadap elemen di array dilakukan dengan pengaksesan langsung. Nilai</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">di masing-masing posisi elemen dapat diambil dan nilai dapat disimpan tanpa melewati</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">posisi-posisi lain.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Terdapat dua tipe operasi, yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Operasi terhadap satu elemen / posisi dari array</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Operasi terhadap array sebagai keseluruhan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dua operasi paling dasar terhadap satu elemen / posisi adalah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Penyimpanan nilai elemen ke posisi tertentu di array</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Pengambilan nilai elemen dari posisi tertentu di array</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Operasi-operasi dasar terhadap array secara keseluruhan adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Operasi penciptaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Operasi penghancuran</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Oparasi pemrosesan traversal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">4. Operasi pencarian (table look-up)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">5. Operasi sorting</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Rekursif & Itertif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian</span></b></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rekursif berarti bahwa suatu proses bisa memanggil dirinya sendiri. Menurut definisi dalam <em>Microsoft Bookshelf</em>,<span> </span>Rekursif adalah kemampuan suatu rutin untuk memanggil dirinya sendiri. Dalam Rekursif sebenarnya terkandung pengertian prosedur dan fungsi. Perbedaannya adalah bahwa rekursif bisa memanggil ke dirinya sendiri, tetapi prosedur dan fungsi harus dipanggil lewat pemanggil prosedur dan fungsi. Rekursif merupakan teknik pemrograman yang penting dan beberapa bahasa pemrograman mendukung keberadaan proses rekursif ini. Dalam prosedur dan fungsi, pemanggilan ke dirinya sendiri bisa berarti proses berulang yang tidak bisa diketahui kapan akan berakhir.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">penjelasan Rekursif & Iteratif</span></b></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kelebihan perulangan rekursif:<br />
• Sangat mudah untuk melakukan perulangan dengan batasan yang luas dalam artian melakukan perulangan dalam skala yang besar.<br />
• Dapat melakukan perulangan dengan batasan fungsi.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kekurangan perulangan rekursif:<br />
• Tidak bisa melakukan nested loop atau looping bersarang.<br />
• Biasanya membuat fungsi sulit untuk dipahami, hanya cocok untuk persoalan <span> </span>tertentu saja.<br />
• Trace error sulit.<br />
• Memerlukan stack yang lebih besar, sebab setiap kali fungsi dipanggil, variabel lokal dan parameter formal akan ditempatkan ke stack dan ada kalanya akan menyebabkan stack tak cukup lagi (Stack Overrun).<br />
• Proses agak berbelit-belit karena terdapat pemangilan fungsi yang berulang-ulang dan pemanggilan data yang ditumpuk. </div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">jika pada program 1, diubah kedalam bentuk </div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dalam bentuk rekursif :<span> </span></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">#include <cstdlib><br />
#include <iostream></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">using namespace std;<span> </span>int jumlah(int n) {<br />
if(n==0) return (0);<br />
else return (n-2 + jumlah(n-2));<br />
}</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">void cetak(int n) {<span> </span>if(n!=0){<br />
cetak(n-2);<br />
cout << n-2 << ” “;<br />
}</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">}</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">int main(int argc, char *argv[])<br />
{<br />
int n = 10;<br />
cout << jumlah(n);<br />
cetak(n);</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">system(“PAUSE”);<br />
return EXIT_SUCCESS;<br />
}</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Rekursif Versus Iteratif</b></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Dalam beberapa situasi, pemecahan secara rekursif maupun secara iteratif mempunyai keuntungan dan kekurangan yang bisa saling diperbandingkan. Adalah cukup sulit untuk menentukan mana yang paling sederhana, paling jelas, paling efisien dan paling mudah disbanding yang lain. Boleh dikatakan pemilihan cara iterative maupun rekursif merupakan kesenangan seorang programmer dan tergantung konteks permasalahan yang akan dipecahkan sesuai dengan kesanggupan yang bersangkutan.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Persamaan antara perulangan iteratif dan rekursif:<br />
</b>• Iteratif dan rekursif merupakan metode atau teknik di dalam perulangan (looping).<br />
• Sama-sama mengalami perulangan kondisi.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u>String dan Rekursi</u></b><br />
1. Metode perulangan rekursif dan contoh program aplikasi perulangan rekursif:<br />
Perulangan rekursif merupakan salah satu metode didalam pemrograman yang mana dalam sebuah fungsi terdapat intruksi yang memanggil fungsi itu sendri, atau lebih sering disebut memanggil dirinya sendiri.<br />
2. Metode perulangan iteratif dan contoh program aplikasi perulangan iteratif: <br />
Perulangan iteratif merupakan perulangan yang melakukan proses perulangan terhadap sekelompok intruksi. Perulangan dilakukan dalam batasan syarat tertentu. Ketika syarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi lagi maka perulangan aka terhenti.<br />
<b><u>Contoh aplikasinya</u></b>:<br />
Berikut merupakan contoh program faktorial yang mana inputan akan dikalikan dengan nilai inputan itu sendiri dikurangi satu hingga mencapai nilai satu.<br />
a. Implementasi<br />
#include<br />
Main()<br />
{<br />
Int i;<br />
For (i=1;i<10;i++)<br />
{<br />
Printf(“Ini perulangan iteratif\n”);<br />
}<br />
}<br />
b. Hasil<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
Ini perulangan iteratif<br />
1. Persamaan antara perulangan iteratif dan rekursif <br />
• Iteratif dan rekursif merupakan metode atau teknik didalam perulangan(looping)<br />
• Sama-sama memiliki bagian yang berfungsi sebagai batas dalam sebuah perulangan.<br />
Perbedaan antara perulangan iteratif dan rekursif <br />
• Iteratif dapat berjalan pada program yang terdiri dari prosedur (Tidak terdapat fungsi) sedangkan rekursif merupakan fungsi.<br />
• Iteratif dalam melakukan perulangan membutuhkan suatu instruksi program seperti for, while dan while do, sedangkan rekursi tidak memakai instruksi program seperti itu.<br />
<br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Kelebihan perulangan iterative :<br />
• Mudah dipahami dan mudah dilakukan debuging ketika ada perulangan yang salah.<br />
• Dapat melakukan nested loop atau yang disebut dengan looping bersarang.<br />
• Proses lebih singkat karena perulangan terjadi pada kondisi yang telah disesuaikan.<br />
• Jarang terjadi overflow karena batasan dan syarat perulangan yang jelas.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
Kelemahan perulangan iterative :<br />
• Tidak dapat menggunakan batasan berupa fungsi.<br />
• Perulangan dengan batasan yang luas akan menyulitkan dalam pembuatan program perulangan itu sendiri.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kelebihan perulangan rekursif :<br />
• Sangat mudah untuk melakukan perulangan dengan batasan yang luas dalam artian melakukan perulangan dalam skala yang besar.<br />
• Dapat melakukan perulangan dengan batasan fungsi.</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kekurangan perulangan rekursif :<br />
• Tidak bisa melakukan nested loop atau looping bersarang.<br />
• Biasanya membuat fungsi sulit untuk dipahami, hanya cocok untuk persoalan tertentu saja<br />
• Memerlukan stack yang lebih besar, sebab setiap kali fungsi dipanggil, variabel lokal dan parameter formal akan ditempatkan ke stack dan ada kalaya akan menyebabkan stack tak cukup lagi (Stack Overum);<br />
• Proses agak berbelit-belit karena terdapat pemangilan fungsi yang berulang-ulang dan pemanggilan data yang ditumpuk..<br />
1. Base case dan rekursive case:<br />
• Base case merupakan bagian dari perulangan rekursif yang berfungsi sebagai batasan, dengan demikian suatu fungsi akan terus melakukan pemanggilan terhadap dirinya sendiri selama syarat pada bagian basecase masih terpenuhi.<br />
• Rekursif case merupakan bagian dimana fungsi tersebut memanggil dirinnya sendiri. Prosesnya dapat digambarkan seperti:<br />
funsi(fungsi(fungsi(fungsi())))<br />
<span> </span></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span> </span></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Contohnya:<br />
int perkalian(int bilangan1, int bilangan2)<br />
{<br />
If(bilangan2==1)return bilangan1;<br />
else return bilangan1+perkalian(bilangan1,bilangan2-1);<br />
}<br />
Baris 1=Base Case<br />
Baris 2=Recursive Case<br />
Jika program diatas diberi input Bilangan1=7 dan Bilngan2=6 maka outputnya:<br />
42<br />
Program diatas dapat diubah kedalam bentuk iteratif menjadi:<br />
int perkalian(int bilangan1, int bilangan2)<br />
{<br />
int i,hasil=bilangan1;<br />
for(i=1; i<br />
{<br />
hasil=bilangan1+hasil;<br />
}<br />
return hasil;<br />
}<br />
<br />
</div><div style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>1. Defenisi fungsi Ackermen function:<br />
</b>A(0,n)=n+1 untuk n>=0<br />
A(m,0)=A(m-1,1) untuk m>=0<br />
A(m,n)=A(m-1,A(m,n-1)) untuk m,n>0<br />
Maka apabila diinputkan A(3,3), dengan menggunkan call trace didapatkan hasil berupa nilai 61 dengan uraian sebagai berikut:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>program faktorial dengan rekursif:<span> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">methode rekursif adalah perulangan dengan menggunakan teknik memanggil methode itu sendiri. reskursif tidak mengunakan teknik perulangan iteratif (misalnya for atau while). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div>tika julifahwanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09084287880800155875noreply@blogger.com0